it is said, and i believe it is true, that the most commonly used word in the world, in different languages and continents, is the word ok, and yet no one knows its origin or what it means, despite the many stories.
it is also said that the most important word in human history is “doubt,” which played a decisive role in shaping modern civilization, because it was the engine behind critical thinking, scientific inquiry, and philosophical exploration.
without asking, for example, what is the secret behind rainfall, where do rivers come from, why is there night and day, and millions of other questions that scientists sought to answer, the path to knowledge was investigative science, which seeks causes, thrives on doubt, questioning, testing hypotheses, and examining evidence.
there is no doubt that advancements in fields such as medicine, technology, and physics would have stagnated without the spirit of doubt that challenges established beliefs. every significant scientific breakthrough, from newton’s laws of motion to einstein’s theory of relativity and the latest developments in genetics, has been fueled by questioning and skepticism regarding prior paradigms. philosophers since ancient times have recognized doubt as a fundamental component in the pursuit of knowledge.
doubt, in this context, signifies critical thinking -- a notion famously encapsulated by descartes, the father of skepticism, who stated, “i think, therefore i am.” this methodical doubt compels individuals to scrutinize their beliefs, reflect on the nature of reality, and approach the world with an open mind. such intellectual humility is a defining characteristic of modern thought.
in today’s era of information overload, accompanied by the widespread dissemination of misinformation and falsehoods, doubt serves as a vital defense against manipulation. it empowers individuals to critically evaluate claims and narratives to sift through information to discern what is credible.
skepticism plays a role in democracies, ensuring accountability and preventing tyranny. democratic governments build doubt into their structures through checks and balances, ensuring that no branch or individual becomes too powerful. democratic societies rely on public debate and a free press, in which doubts are raised, to keep them in check by challenging official narratives.
modern civilization in the west has seen a shift toward secularism, partly due to the enlightenment-era skepticism of religious authority, which led to the emergence of humanism and individual rights. skepticism, in this context, was not intended to reject faith, but to promote freedom of belief and tolerance.
skepticism has also been behind the social and political movements that have shaped modern civilization -- such as the struggle for civil rights.
doubt has also played a role in economic and technological development, as entrepreneurs have succeeded by doubting the way things are done. for example, doubt that sales models are not perfect has led to the rise of e-commerce giants like amazon.
doubt also has a moral role. at the individual level, doubt promotes personal growth. this may create uncertainty or anxiety, but it also stimulates self-reflection and improvement. it also leads individuals to hone their skills, seek education, or make life changes that contribute to personal development.
in conclusion, doubt is a powerful motivator for growth, learning, and progress, but it is not always beneficial. it can also have potential downsides when taken to extremes. excessive doubt leads to hesitation and inaction. this hinders progress. it erodes trust in individuals, institutions, relationships, and even in oneself, such as doubts about climate change, vaccines, biometrics, and more.